AF Sheet Metal and Non-Metallic Structures

A well-designed rivet joint will subject the rivets to

compressive loads.
shear loads.
tension loads.

A main difference between Lockbolt/Huckbolt tension and shear fasteners (other than their application) is in the

number of locking collar grooves.
shape of the head.
method of installation.

Alloy 217 rivets are heat treated

by the manufacturer and do not require heat treatment before being driven.
by the manufacturer but require reheat treatment before being driven.
to a temperature of 910 to 930 degrees F and quenched in cold water.

The general rule for finding the proper rivet diameter is

three times the thickness of the materials to be joined.
two times the rivet length.
three times the thickness of the thickest sheet.

The shop head of a rivet should be

one and one-half times the diameter of the rivet shank.
one-half times the diameter of the rivet shank.
one and one-half times the diameter of the manufactured head of the rivet.

One of the main advantages of HI-LOK type fasteners over earlier generations is that

they can be removed and reused again.
the squeezed on collar installation provides a more secure, tighter fit.
they can be installed with ordinary hand tools.

Which of the following is one advantage of HI-LOK fasteners?

Shorter transition area between the shank and thread.
External counterbore at the base to accommodate material thickness.
Inability to be over-torqued.

The markings on the head of a Dzus fastener identify the

body diameter, type of head, and length of the fastener.
body type, head diameter, and type of material.
manufacturer and type of material.

The Dzus turnlock fastener consists of a stud, grommet, and receptacle. The stud length is measured in

hundredths of an inch.
tenths of an inch.
sixteenths of an inch.

The Dzus turnlock fastener consists of a stud, grommet, and receptacle. The stud diameter is measured in

tenths of an inch.
hundredths of an inch.
sixteenths of an inch.

Threaded rivets (Rivnuts) are commonly used to

join two or more pieces of sheet metal where shear strength is desired.
attach parts or components with screws to sheet metal.
join two or more pieces of sheet metal where bearing strength is desired.

The installation of CherryMAX and Olympic-Lok rivets is accomplished by utilizing

rivet fun, special rivet set, and bucking bar.
a pulling tool.
ordinary hand tools.

Hole filling fasteners (for example, MS20470 rivets) should not be used in composite structures primarily because of the

possibility of causing delamination.
increased possibility of fretting corrosion in the fastener.
difficulty in forming a proper shop head.

Metal fasteners used with carbon/graphite composite structures

may be constructed of any of the metals commonly used in aircraft fasteners.
must be constructed of material such as titanium or corrosion resistant steel.
must be constructed of high strength aluminum-lithium alloy.

Sandwich panels made of honeycomb construction are used on aircraft because this type of construction

has a high tensile strength and is non-flammable.
has a low weight and is corrosion resistant.
saves weight while not compromising strength.

Which of these methods may be used to inspect fiberglass/honeycomb structures for entrapped water?

Backlighting and acoustic emission monitoring.
X-ray and acoustic emission monitoring.
X-ray and backlighting.

‘When balsa wood is used to replace a damaged honeycomb core, the plug should be cut so that

the grain is parallel to the skin.
it is about 1/8 inch undersize to allow sufficient bonding material to be applied.
the grain is perpendicular to the skin.

When repairing puncture-type damage to a metal-faced laminated honeycomb panel, the edges of the doubler should be tapered to

two times the thickness of the metal.
100 times the thickness of the metal.
whatever is desired for a neat, clean appearance.

One of the best ways to assure that a properly prepared batch of matrix resin has been achieved is to

perform a chemical composition analysis.
have mixed enough for a test sample.
test the viscosity of the resin immediately after mixing.

How does acoustic emission testing detect defects in composite materials?

By picking up the "noise" of any deterioration that may be present.
By analyzing ultrasonic signals transmitted into the parts being inspected.
By creating sonogram pictures of the areas being inspected.

When conducting a tap test on a composite panel, which of the following sounds would indicate delamination?

Sharp ringing.
Dull thud.
Sharp thud.

What precaution, if any, should be taken to prevent corrosion inside a repaired metal honeycomb structure?

Prime the repair with a corrosion inhibitor and seal from the atmosphere.
Paint the outside area with several coats of exterior paint.
None. Honeycomb is usually made from a manmade or fibrous material which is not susceptible to corrosion.

One method of inspecting a laminated fiberglass structure that has been subjected to damage is to

strip the damaged area of all paint and shine a strong light through the structure.
use dye-penetrant inspection procedures, exposing the entire damaged area to the penetrant solution.
use an eddy current probe on both sides of the damaged area.

When inspecting a composite panel using the ring test/tapping method, a dull thud may indicate

less than full strength curing of the matrix.
separation of the laminates.
an area of too much matrix between fiber layers.

Which of the following are benefits of using microballoons when making repairs to laminated honeycomb panels?

Improved strength-to-weight ratio, less density, and lower stress concentrations.
Greater concentrations of resin in edges and corners.
Less density and improved strength-to-weight ratio.

The length of time that a catalyzed resin will remain in a workable state is called the

pot life.
work life.
plyable life.

A category of plastic material that is capable of softening or flowing when reheated is described as a

thermoplastic.
thermocure.
thermoset.

The classification for high tensile strength fiberglass used in aircraft structures is

E-glass.
S-glass.
G-glass.

Which is an identifying characteristic of acrylic plastics?

Zinc chloride will have no effect.
Acrylic has a yellowish tint when viewed from the edge.
Acetone will not soften plastic, but will change its color.

Superficial scars, scratches, surface abrasion, or rain erosion on fiberglass laminates can generally be repaired by applying

a piece of resin-impregnated glass fabric facing.
one or more coats of suitable resin (room-temperature catalyzed) to the surface.
a sheet of polyethylene over the abraded surface and one or more coats of resin cured with infrared heat lamps.

The classification for fiberglass reinforcement material that has high resistivity and is the most common is

E-glass.
S-glass.
G-glass.

A potted compound repair on honeycomb can usually be made on damages less than

4 inches in diameter.
2 inches in diameter.
1 inch in diameter.

Composite fabric material is considered to be the strongest in what direction?

Fill.
Warp.
Bias.

What reference tool is used to determine how the fiber is to be oriented for a particular ply of fabric?

Fill clock (or compass).
Bias clock (or compass).
Warp clock (or compass).

The strength and stiffness of a properly constructed composite buildup depends primarily on

a 60 percent matrix to 40 percent fiber ratio.
the orientation of the plies to the load direction.
the ability of the fibers to transfer stress to the matrix.

The strength and stiffness of a properly constructed composite buildup depends primarily on

40:60.
50:50.
60:40.

What is the material layer used within the vacuum bag pressure system to absorb excess resin during curing called?

Bleeder.
Breather.
Release.

Proper prepreg composite lay-up curing is generally accomplished by

adding a catalyst or curing agent to the resin.
applying external heat and pressure.
room temperature exposure and applying pressure.

When repairing large, flat surfaces with polyester resins, warping of the surface is likely to occur. One method of reducing the amount of warpage is to

add an extra amount of catalyst to the resin.
use short strips of fiberglass in the bonded repair.
use less catalyst than normal so the repair will be more flexible.

When making repairs to fiberglass, cleaning of the area to be repaired is essential for a good bond. The final cleaning should be made using

MEK (methyl ethyl ketone).
soap, water, and a scrub brush.
a thixotropic agent.

When necessary, what type of cutting fluid is usually acceptable for machining composite laminates?

Water soluble oil.
Water displacing oil.
Water only.

Fiberglass laminate damage not exceeding the first layer or ply can be repaired by

filling with a putty consisting of a compatible resin and clean, short glass fibers.
sanding the damaged area until aerodynamic smoothness is obtained.
trimming the rough edges and sealing with paint.

Fiberglass damage that extends completely through a laminated sandwich structure

may be repaired.
must be filled with resin to eliminate dangerous stress concentrations.
may be filled with putty which is compatible with resin.

Fiberglass laminate damage that extends completely through one facing and into the core

cannot be repaired.
requires the replacement of the damaged core and facing.
can be repaired by using a typical metal facing patch.

Repairing advanced composites using materials and techniques traditionally used for fiberglass repairs is likely to result in

restored strength and flexibility.
slightly stronger strength to weight ratio.
an unairworthy repair.

The preferred way to make permanent repairs on composites is by

bonding on metal or cured composite patches.
riveting on metal or cured composite patches.
laminating on new repair plies.

Which of the following, when added to wet resins, provide strength for the repair of damaged fastener holes in composite panels?

Flox and chopped fibers.
Microballoons.
Microballoons and flox.

The part of a replacement honeycomb core that must line up with the adjacent original is the

cell side.
ribbon direction.
cell edge.

Which of the following are generally characteristic of aramid fiber (Kevlar) composites?

High tensile strength and flexibility.
High tensile strength and stiffness.
Corrosive effect in contact with aluminum and ability to conduct electricity.

Which of the following are generally characteristic of carbon/graphite fiber composites?

Flexibility, high compressive strength, and corrosive effect in contact with aluminum.
Stiffness, high compressive strength, and corrosive effect in contact with aluminum.
Ability to conduct electricity.

If an aircraft’s transparent plastic enclosures exhibit fine cracks which may extend in a network over or under the surface or through the plastic, the plastic is said to be

hazing.
brinelling.
crazing.

When installing transparent plastic enclosures which are retained by bolts extending through the plastic material and self-locking nuts, the nuts should be

tightened to a firm fit, plus one full turn.
tightened to a firm fit, then backed off one full turn.
tightened to a firm fit.

If a new safety belt is to be installed in an aircraft, the belt must conform to the strength requirements in which document?

STC 1282.
14 CFR Part 39.
TSO C22.

Which is considered good practice concerning the installation of acrylic plastics?

When nuts and bolts are used, the plastic should be installed hot and tightened to a firm fit before the plastic cools.
When rivets are used, adequate spacer or other satisfactory means to prevent excessive tightening of the frame to the plastic should be provided.
When rivets or nuts and bolts are used, slotted holes are not recommended.

The coefficient of expansion of most plastic enclosure materials is

greater than both steel and aluminum.
greater than steel but less than aluminum.
less than either steel or aluminum.

If no scratches are visible after transparent plastic enclosure materials have been cleaned, their surfaces should be

polished with rubbing compound applied with a damp cloth.
buffed with a clean, soft, dry cloth.
covered with a thin coat of wax.

Cabin upholstery materials installed in current standard category airplanes must

be fireproof.
be at least flame resistant.
meet the requirements prescribed in Part 43.

What is the most common method of cementing transparent plastics?

Heat method.
Soak method.
Bevel method.

What type of bit should be used to drill holes in Plexiglass?

A standard twist drill.
A specialty modified twist drill.
A dulled twist drill.

Which of the following drill bit types work best when drilling an aramid fiber (Kevlar) composite laminate?

Tool steel with standard grind.
Diamond dust coated.
Carbide W-point.

What is the purpose of a gusset or gusset plate used in the construction and repair of aircraft structures?

To hold structural members in position temporarily until the permanent attachment has been completed.
To provide access for inspection of structural attachments.
To join and reinforce intersecting structural members.

Select the alternative which best describes the function of the flute section of a twist drill.

Provides a method for cooling oil to be delivered to the cutting surface.
Forms the area where the drill bit attaches to the drill motor.
Forms the cutting edges of the drill point.

How many MS20470 AD-4-6 rivets will be required to attach a 10″ x 3″ plate, using a single row of rivets, minimum edge distance, and 4D spacing?

56.
54.
52.

On a semi-monocoque fuselage, the skin is reinforced by longitudinal structural members called

beams and struts.
longerons and stringers.
formers and bulkheads.

Shallow scratches in sheet metal may be repaired by

burnishing.
buffing.
stop drilling.

What should be the included angle of a twist drill for soft metals?

118 degrees.
90 degrees.
65 degrees.

When comparing the machining techniques for stainless steel sheet material to those for aluminum alloy sheet, it is normally considered good practice to drill the stainless steel at a

higher speed with less pressure applied to the drill.
lower speed with more pressure applied to the drill.
lower speed with less pressure applied to the drill.

A single-lap sheet splice is to be used to repair a section of damaged aluminum skin. If a double row of 1/8-inch rivets is used, the minimum allowable overlap will be

1/2 inch.
3/4 inch.
13/16 inch.

What is the minimum edge distance allowed for aluminum alloy single lap sheet splices containing a single row of rivets as compared to a joint with multiple rows, all rivets being equal in diameter?

The minimum edge distance allowed for aluminum alloy single lap sheet splices containing a single row of rivets as compared to a joint with multiple rows, all rivets being equal in diameter?
The minimum edge distance for the single row is less than that for the multiple row.
The minimum edge distance for the single row is equal to that for the multiple row.

Which statement is true regarding the inspection of a stressed skin metal wiring assembly known to have been critically loaded?

If rivets show no visible distortion, further investigation is unnecessary.
If bearing failure has occurred, the rivet shanks will be joggled.
If genuine rivet tipping has occurred, groups of consecutive rivet heads will be tipped in the same direction.

What is the minimum edge distance for aircraft rivets?

Two times the diameter of the rivet shank.
Two times the diameter of the rivet head.
Three times the diameter of the rivet shank

When drilling stainless steel, the drill used should have an included angle of

90 degrees and turn at a low speed.
118 degrees and turn at a high speed.
140 degrees and turn at a low speed.

What is the minimum spacing for a single row of aircraft rivets?

Two times the diameter of the rivet shank.
Three times the length of the rivet shank.
Three times the diameter of the rivet shank.

Refer to Figure 1. Which of the rivets shown will accurately fit the conical depression made by a 100 degree countersink?

1.
2.
3.

Which is correct concerning the use of a file?

Apply pressure on the forward stroke only, except when filing very soft metals such as lead or aluminum.
A smoother finish can be obtained by using a double-cut file than by using a single-cut file.
The terms "double-cut" and "second-cut" have the same meaning in reference to files.

What is one of the determining factors which permits machine countersinking when flush riveting?

Thickness of the material and rivet diameter are the same.
Thickness of the material is less than the thickness of the rivet head.
Thickness of the material is greater than the thickness of the rivet head.

When repairing a small hole on a metal stressed skin, the major consideration in the design of the patch should be

the shear strength of the riveted joint.
to use rivet spacing similar to a seam in the skin.
that the bond between the patch and the skin is sufficient to prevent dissimilar metal corrosion.

Which procedure is correct when using a reamer to finish a drilled hole to the correct size?

Turn the reamer in the cutting direction when enlarging the hole and in the opposite direction to remove from the hole.
Turn the reamer only in the cutting direction.
Apply considerable pressure on the reamer when starting the cut and reduce the pressure when finishing the cut.

Repairs or splices involving stringers on the lower surface of stressed skin metal wings are usually

not permitted.
permitted only if the damage does not exceed 6 inches in any direction.
permitted but are normally more critical in reference to strength in tension than similar repairs to the upper surface.

When straightening members made of 2024-T4 you should

straighten cold and reinforce.
straighten cold and anneal to remove stress.
apply heat to the inside of the bend.

Clad aluminum alloys are used in aircraft because they

are naturally corrosion resistant, so they do not require corrosion resistant materials for protection.
have surface layers of pure aluminum or aluminum alloy bonded to the core material to inhibit corrosion.
are highly corrosion resistant because an oxide film forms on their surfaces upon contact with air.

Which statement is true regarding a cantilever wing?

It has nonadjustable lift struts.
No external bracing is needed.
It requires only one lift strut on each side.

Aircraft structural units, such as spars, engine supports, etc., which have been built up from sheet metal, are normally

repairable, using approved methods.
repairable, except when subjected to compressive loads.
not repairable, but must be replaced when damaged or deteriorated.

A factor which determines the minimum space between rivets is the

length of the rivets being used.
diameter of the rivets being used.
thickness of the material being riveted.

What should be the included angle of a twist drill for hard metal?

118 degrees.
100 degrees.
90 degrees.

Parts fabricated from Alclad 2024-T3 aluminum sheet stock must have all

bends made with a small radius to develop maximum strength.
bends 90 degrees to the grain.
scratches, kinks, tool marks, nicks, etc. held to a minimum.

The monocoque fuselage relies largely on the strength of

longerons and formers.
skin or covering.
bulkheads and longerons.

Which parts of a semi-monocoque fuselage prevent tension and compression from bending the fuselage?

Ribs and formers.
Longerons and stringers.
Bulkheads and skin.

Rivet gauge, or transverse pitch is the distance between the

centers of rivets in adjacent rows.
centers of adjacent rivets in the same row.
heads of rivets in the same row.

Rivet pitch is the distance between the

centers of rivets in adjacent rows.
centers of adjacent rivets in the same row.
heads of rivets in the same row.

Refer to Figure 2. Select the preferred drawing for proper countersinking.

All are acceptable.
2.,
1.

What is indicated by a black “smoky” residue streaming back from some of the rivets on an aircraft?

Filiform corrosion is occurring between the rivets and the skin.
Intergranular corrosion is occurring between the rivets and the skin.
Fretting corrosion is occurring between the rivets and the skin.

The identifying marks on the heads of aluminum alloy rivets indicate the

degree of dimensional and process control observed during manufacture.
head shape, shank size, material used, and specifications adhered to during manufacture.
specific alloy used in the manufacture of the rivets.

When an MS20470D rivet is installed, its full shear strength is obtained

only after a period of age hardening.
by the cold working of the rivet metal in forming a shop head.
by heat treating just prior to being driven.

Which of the following need not be considered when determining minimum rivet spacing?

Rivet diameter.
Rivet length.
Type of material being riveted.

What is the purpose of refrigerating 2017 and 2024 aluminum alloy rivets after heat treatment?

To accelerate age hardening.
To relieve internal stresses.
To retard age hardening.

Under certain conditions, type A rivets are not used because of their

low strength characteristics.
unique design that causes crazing or cracking.
tendency toward embrittlement when subjected to vibration.

A rivet set used to drive MS20470 rivets should

have the same radius as the rivet head.
have a slightly greater radius than the rivet head.
be nearly flat on the end, with a slight radius on the edge to prevent damage to the sheet being riveted.

Heat-treated rivets in the D and DD series that are not driven within the prescribed time after heat treatment or removal from refrigeration

must be reheat treated before use.
must be discarded.
may be returned to refrigeration and used later without reheat treatment.

The dimensions of an MS20430AD-4-8 rivet are

1/8 inch in diameter and 1/4 inch long.
1/8 inch in diameter and 1/2 inch long.
4/16 inch in diameter and 8/32 inch long.

The primary alloying agent of 2024-T3 is indicated by the number

2.
20.
24.

Which part of 2017-T36 aluminum alloy indicates the temper designation?

T36.
2.
17.

Which part of the 2017-T36 aluminum alloy designation indicates the primary alloying agent used in its manufacture?

2.
17.
20.

A sheet metal repair is to be made using two pieces of 0.040-inch aluminum riveted together. All rivet holes are drilled for 3/32-inch rivets. The length of the rivets to be used will be

1/8 inch.
1/4 inch.
5/16 inch.

Most rivets used in aircraft construction have

dimples.
smooth heads without markings.
a raised dot.

MS20426AD-6-5 indicates a countersunk rivet which has

a shank length of 5/16 inch (excluding head).
a shank length of 5/32 inch (excluding head).
an overall length of 5/16 inch.

Which rivet may be used as received without further treatment?

2024-T4.
2117-T3.
2017-T3.

Refer to Figure 3. Which is the grip length of the flush rivet?

1.
2.
3.

Which rivets should be selected to join two sheets of .032-inch aluminum?

MS20425D-4-3.
MS20470AD-4-4.
MS20455DD-5-3.

A sheet metal repair is to be made using two pieces of 0.0625-inch aluminum riveted together. All rivet holes are drilled for 18-inch rivets. The length of the rivets to be used will be

5/32 inch.
3/16 inch.
5/16 inch.

Mild steel rivets are used for riveting

nickel-steel parts.
magnesium parts.
steel parts.

A DD rivet is heat treated before use to

harden and increase strength.
relieve internal stresses.
soften to facilitate riveting.

When riveting dissimilar metals together, what precautions must be taken to prevent an electrolytic action?

Treat the surfaces to be riveted together with a process called anodic treatment.
Place a protective separator between areas of potential electrical difference.
Avoid the use of dissimilar metals by redesigning the unit according to the recommendations outlined in AC 43.13-1A.

The length of a rivet to be used to join a sheet of .032-inch and .084-inch aluminum alloy should be equal to

two times the rivet diameter plus.064 inch.
one and one-half times the rivet diameter plus .096 inch.
three times the rivet diameter plus .096 inch.

What is generally the best procedure to use when removing a solid shank rivet?

Drill through the manufactured head and shank with a shank size drill and remove the rivet with a punch.
Drill to the base of the manufactured rivet head with a drill one size smaller than the rivet shank and remove the rivet with a punch.
Drill through the manufactured head and shank with a drill one size smaller than the rivet and remove the rivet with a punch.

Joggles in removed rivet shanks would indicate partial

bearing failure.
torsion failure.
shear failure.

What type loads cause the most rivet failures?

Shear.
Bearing.
Head.

Which rivet is used for riveting magnesium alloy structures?

Mild steel.
5056 aluminum.
Monel.

Which rivet is used for riveting nickel-steel alloys?

2024 aluminum.
Mild steel.
Monel.

The length of rivet to be chosen when making a structural repair that involves the joining of 0.032-inch and 0.064-inch aluminum sheet, drilled with a No. 30 drill is

7/16 inch.
5/16 inch.
1/4 inch.

Refer to Figure 4. The length of flat A is

3.750 inches.
3.865 inches.
3.937 inches.

Refer to Figure 4. The amount of material required to make the 90-degree bend is

0.3436 inch.
0.3717 inch.
0.3925 inch.

Refer to Figure 5. What is the length of flat A?

3.7 inches.
3.8 inches.
3.9 inches.

Refer to Figure 5. What is the flat layout dimension?

7.0 inches.
6.8 inches.
6.6 inches.

If a streamline cover plate is to be hand-formed using a form block, a piece of dead soft aluminum should first be placed over the hollow portion of the mold and securely fastened in place. The bumping operation should be

distributed evenly over the face of the aluminum at all times rather than being started at the edges or center.
started by tapping the aluminum lightly around the edges and gradually working down into the center.
started by tapping the aluminum in the center until it touches the bottom of the mold and then working out in all directions.

A piece of flat stock that is to be bent to a closed angle of 15 degrees must be bent through an angle of

165 degrees.
105 degrees.
90 degrees.

When a piece of aluminum alloy is to be bent using a minimum radius for the type and thickness of material,

the piece should be bent slowly to eliminate cracking.
the layout should be made so that the bend will be 90 degrees to the grain of the sheet.
less pressure than usual should be applied with the movable (upper) clamping bar.

The flat layout or blank length of a piece of metal from which a simple L-shaped bracket 3 inches by 1 inch is to be bent depends upon the radius of the desired bend. The bracket which will require the greatest amount of material is one which has a bend radius of

1/8 inch.
1/2 inch.
1/4 inch.

If it is necessary to compute a bend allowance problem and bend allowance tables are not available, the neutral axis of the bend can be

represented by the actual length of the required material for the bend.
found by adding approximately one-half of the stock thickness to the bend radius.
found by subtracting the stock thickness from the bend radius.

Unless otherwise specified, the radius of a bend is the

inside radius of the metal being formed.
inside radius plus one-half the thickness of the metal being formed.
radius of the neutral axis plus one-half the thickness of the metal being formed.

The most important factors needed to make a flat pattern layout are

radius, thickness, and mold line.
radius, thickness, and degree of bend.
the lengths of the legs (flat sections).

A piece of sheet metal is bent to a certain radius. The curvature of the bend is referred to as the

bend allowance.
neutral line.
bend radius.

You can distinguish between aluminum and aluminum alloy by

filing the metal.
testing with an acetic acid solution.
testing with a 10 percent solution of caustic soda.

The purpose of a joggle is to

allow clearance for a sheet or an extrusion.
increase obstruction for a sheet or an extrusion.
decrease the weight of the part and still retain the necessary strength.

When bending metal, the material on the outside of the curve stretches while the material on the inside of the curve compresses. That part of the material which is not affected by either stress is the

mold line.
bend tangent line.
neutral line.

The sharpest bend that can be placed in a piece of metal without critically weakening the part is called the

bend allowance.
minimum radius of bend.
maximum radius of bend.

Refer to Figure 6. Determine the dimensions of A, B, and C in the flat layout.

Setback = .252
Bend allowance = .345

A = .748, B = 2.252, C = 2.004
A = .748, B = 1.496, C = 1.248
A = 1.252, B = 2.504, C = 1.752

Refer to Figure 6. What is dimension D?

Setback = .252
Bend allowance = .345

3.492
4.182
3.841

The sight line on a sheet metal flat layout to be bent in a cornice or box brake is measured and marked

one-half radius from either bend tangent line.
one radius from either bend tangent line.
one radius from the bend tangent line that is placed under the brake.

Refer to Figure 7. What is dimension F?

Setback at D = .095
Setback at E = .068
Bend allowance at D = .150
Bend allowance at E = .112

4.836.
5.936.
5.738.

On a sheet metal fitting layout with a single bend, allow for stretching by

adding the setback to each leg.
subtracting the setbck from one leg.
subtracting the setback from both legs.

The aluminum alloy used in aircraft construction are usually hardened by which method?

Aging.
Cold-working.
Heat treatment.

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